What is a Cossack?

Cossack, Ukrainian, and Free

 

                Cossacks have been free men and democratic. They have only been known to history since about 650 AD. They have been mostly an active in self-governing communities for well over a thousand years. They have been open, inclusive, with a Slavic bent. They knew a world from Siberia to Lithuania and up and down for many years, but were drawn to a certain land.

                The Ukrainian Cossack State was formed in about 1650 in what is now central Ukraine. Their leaders were elected.

                Through the years they have been few. Democracy is not easy. They experienced much, and stayed free among strong neighbors such as Poland, Russia, and Lithuania. Among such neighbors they continued to show a strong will for self-governance.

                They formed the Ukrainian Peoples Republic in 1917 to 1921, the western Ukrainian Peoples Republic 1918 to 1919, and the Ukrainian Peoples Republic in exile  from 1920 to 1992.

                They were among the very first members of the Soviet Union with its promise of self-governing citizens. They may have been the first to leave that Union when it showed little will to self-governing citizenship.

                They were among the charter members of the United Nations with its promise of a chance for peace and freedom. They have not given up on their fellow members yet. 

                Ah, yes, I believe that at the breakup of the Soviet Union the were left with one of the greatest stock of atomic weapons on Earth and gave up that stock to the U.N.

                 They are still a mixture of races, nationalities, and religions. They are a free independent people self selected from that mixture.

                We might mention that with the substantial help of viking Norsemen they created Russia. Oh, and they had a modern republic type written constitution in 1710.

                I believe that a history of the cultures most effecting these people could be traced back another 4,000 years. However, before about 650 AD they were little recognized in history as a discrete people. Throughout perhaps a thousand years of their history they stayed freer, more democratic, and inclusive than most. They have had to defend themselves and they have. They have also kept the hope and faith that they could live a free people among free people. They have  seen inclusiveness, freedom, and democracy disappear like smoke again and again. Still they hold a vision of that freedom and self governance closer and dearer than do most.

               Please feel free to correct this work or add to it in the "comments" section below or just to click on a social media button just below.

                A Ukraine. 

                Thank you for reading.

 

                                                                                    rcs 

 

 

Countries With the Most Viewers of This Site.

 The top four viewing countries of History With RCS in April were in this order:

First: Colombia!!!!!!!!!!!

Second: Germany

Third: U.S.A.

Fourth: Russia

                Thank you all!  The numbers are not great yet, but you are the best!

                                                                                                                            rcs

Republican

 

                 Napoleon Bonaparte, a leading republican of his day, was willing to become Emperor of France. 

                 France welcomed Bonaparte as Emperor. There may be a lesson to be learned from this bit of history.

                Napoleon did bring reforms to Europe and beyond in the fields of science, education, and a variety of cultural areas. These works could be called republican.

                The legal system called the Napoleonic Code, influenced much of Europe and a significant part of the rest of the World. Napoleonic law is an important part of the law of the U.S. state of Louisiana. 

                Napoleon was a warrior, a leader of armies. Some have said that he won a war against  Russian. To attack Russia, he left home with about a half million men. He returned home with about 20,000 men and "the shirt on his back."

                He met his "Waterloo" in a battle against Prussia and Britain. In that battle Prussia "saved Britain's bacon.

                After Waterloo, Britain, Spain, Prussia, Austria, Russia, and others joined one another in suppressing liberal movements throughout Europe. 

 

This is a history TEST:

~ Why do the histories of so many revolutions seem revolting?

~ Where is your revolution headed?

~ Why might a republican be willing to become an Emperor?

~ What is a "loo?"

~ Why ought the citizens of a republic be responsible?

 

 

                                                                    rcs

My Visiters to our History Site.

History With RCS: Countries With Most Visiters to Site

                This site is beginning to have a notable number of viewers. The top three countries are:

The US

Russia

Germany

Welcome!

Tied for 4th place are Colombia and Sweden.

Welcome all!

Thank you for visiting a site with no "visuals"  except a few videos. Please return and explore the whole site.  Use the apps.

Baltic Sea Orientation

History With RCS: Many have known the Baltic Sea including: Dane, Swede, Finn, Viking, Russian, Slav, Krivichs, Latvian, Estonian, Prussian, Pole, Jute, Cimbri, Celt, Irish, German, and more.

                The Baltic Sea opens on the Atlantic Ocean and is in the northwestern part of Europe. It has had a complex geographic history. It seems best to begin with some of its most recent geographic history.

                The Baltic has been called a brackish inland sea with a geological history which has prove difficult to clarify. We know that it is a marginal sea of the Atlantic and that it drains into the Atlantic through the Danish straights by way of the little Kattagat sea. Some of its major surface features include thee Gulf of Bothnia and the Bay of Bothnia, the Gulf of Finland, the Gulf of Riga, and the Bay of Gdansk.

                It is brackish because of the following major rivers flowing into it: the Oder, Vistula, Neman, Daugava, and the Neva. Brackishness is aided by the fall of rain and snow and by the flow of smaller rivers and streams.

                Not far from the the Baltic Sea entrance to the Atlantic Ocean, one may encounter the Kattagat, and area of somewhat shallow sea. This small sea is bounded by the Jutland Peninsula in the West, the Danish Straights and the rest of the Baltic Sea, and to the east by the shores of Sweden.

The Gulf of Bothnia:

                The word "bothnia" seems to have referred to lowland shores or to lowlands in general. The Gulf of Bothnia is bordered by lowland shores. The Gulf is not shallow, but the land beneath it continues to rise since its release from its Ice Age burden of ice. The Gulf still freezes over in winter. 

                I hope to research the history of Sweden and Finland to learn more of the people who have lived along the Gulf of Bothnia. Please share with us any info you may have about this Gulf. You can use the "comments" section below to do so. I can say now that it seems that in the 9th century, Ottar, a viking adventurer, referred to the Gulf as the Kven Sea. In the 15th century a Danish navigator may have referred to it as the Mare Gotticus. Bothnia Bay is a northern extension of the Gulf.

 

The Gulf of Finland:

                The Gulf of Finland is the easternmost branch of the Baltic Sea. It extends between Finland on the north and Estonia on the south; then on to Saint Petersburg, Russia, where the Neva River drains into it. Other major cities on the Gulf are Helsinki and Tallinn. 

                In the early post Ice Age, the Gulf of Finland was preceded by the Littoriana Sea. That sea stood as high as 30 feet above the present sea level. A lot of ice had melted. By some 4,000 years ago the sea had receded to near present levels.

Archaeology:

                Archaeologists have found the lands along the Gulf of Finland began to be settled(again?) about 9,000 BC by people physically very like us. To me Archaeology is a continuance of history. some would call it prehistory. So, we do seem to be moving from geography to history; history is about the doings, learnings and happenings of those who preceded us. So, onward. As early as 1905 AD eleven neolithic settlements had been found along the Gulf of coast. The early cultures found there include the Finnic, Eesti/Chud, Votes. and Korela. Neolithic means new stone age. Don't fee to smug about Stone Age people. We are finding that some of them were able to do things with stone that we are unable to do.

                    Later, into more historic times, about between 700 AD and 900 AD, East Slavs, Ilman Slavs, and Krivichs settled along the Neva River and pars of the Gulf of Finland. They practiced agriculture and animal husbandry. Between about 700 AD and 1,200 AD the river Neva and the Gulf were part of the waterway from Scandinavia to the Byzantine Empire!

                Historic information  for this area becomes more abundant from about 850 AD. About that time they may held in Russian hands until 1219 AD when the Danes took control. In this same period the city of Reva was established in the area of the present city of Tallinn. There is a lot to learn about this whole Baltic area and I intend to write more about it in a future post.

The Gulf of Riga:                

                The Gulf of Riga lies between Latvian and Estonia on the Baltic Sea. I will find out more about this area and write of it in a future post after a review of the early histories of Latvia and Estonia. A look at the histories of the the cities: Riga, Parnu, and Jumala will help me to give you fuller details.

The Bay of Gdansk: 

                The Bay of Gdansk has history which may include my Prussian, Polish, and German ancestors. The Vistula River flows into this bay. Some consider the bay as extending to the Russian city of Kaliningrad and to the coast of Lithuania.

There be Kursenieki: 

                There are Kursenieki on the Bay of Gdansk. They have been there long, They call their language Curonian. Some linguists see it as related to Latvian so Latvian could be related to it. Kursenieki have also been called Prussian  Latvians. Who are these people? They live on a well visited sea coast and near to the outlet of a navigable river. So, they are, and have been, subject to much social and cultural exchange.

                Let's travel back to where the Baltic Sea meets the Atlantic Ocean. Near there is the little Kattagat Sea. The name Kattagat may be of Swedish origin. I have a vague memory of a queen Kattagat who may have been a Swede. This little sea is certainly a Scandinavian area.

Jutlandic Peninsula: 

                The Jutlandic Peninsula juts into the Kattagat Sea and is part of was once Jutland. The peninsula was once called the Cimbric or the Cimbrian Peninsula. It is now part of Denmark. Jutes and Cimbri have lived there.

                Jutes are named among powerful Germanic invaders of England. I might not have called them Germanic, but rather have called them Vikings, Norse. Scandinavian, or even Celtic, but I have a lot to learn. Still, it dose seem that a few others feel some confusion too. There is a reason the peninsula has been called Jute. Maybe we can find out who the Jutes are. That peninsula was an area of a lot of trade and activity before during and after the Roman Empire. Any there it is at the Kattagat Sea.

The Cimbri:

                Let's not pass by the Cimbri too Quickly. I just learned of them recently.  It seems that they were on the Jutland Peninsula before the Jutes. Some authorities have thought the Cimbri were what we have called Gaulish or Celtic. I have seen that the Jutland Peninsula was called the Cimbrian Peninsula earlier. There is something interesting to be discovered/learned here. Perhaps we can learn more about things Cimbrian. So far I have found little documentary evidence of their nature or doings. I have yet to see any archaeological evidence.

                I do find that there is evidence that for a very long time there was a seasonal migration from the Baltic area to the Iberian Peninsula. The migration may have somehow included England and Ireland and may have ext+ended to the Balearic Islands! So, there was probably travel from this Peninsula to that one; Cimbric to Iberian and back. It sounds right, but I am surprised; even pleasantly amazed.

                This is getting good. There was a Cimbrian military expedition against 1st century Rome! Who are these Cimbri? Who were they. Ah, history! If you know anything about the Cimbri or find out anything, please feel free to tell us about it in "comments" below.

                I see it written that there were Belgians of Cimbrian origin. The Romans might have called them Germans, but they called everyone in the area German. I am not really sure who the Celts or Gauls were other than they almost certainly had Indo-European origins. I do have a faint memory of reading of a people who could have been Cimbrians, but who some called Celts, joined Carthaginians to resist Rome.

                Okay, I had best stop here until I get some more information, or until I hear from you. Remember blogs are supposed to have some interactivity.

                Please feel free to correct my spelling or other errors, or to add pertinent information to the content of this essay.

                Thank you for reading.

                                                                                   rcs

 

Balt History: an exploration

History With RCS: Toward an exploration of Baltic Sea Cultures. 

                Before getting into the cultures active in the area I would like to introduce some of its geological and geographic features. But as a taste of doings and happenings to come I'll mention a few. Amber has long been collected and traded there. River and sea commerce has long been very active. Even now Russian and Dane meet there, Finn and Swede too, and a good many more. Ancient cultures there were Scythian, Celt, and Slav to name a few. Norsemen learn viking their and reach Byzantium.

                Th Baltic Sea is an important feature on the face of Earth and on the course of world history. It has been called a brackish inland sea the geological history of which is unclear. You can check it out a Google Maps and elsewhere.

                If you look at the Atlantic Ocean and looked to its northeast margin and there looked landward you would see a large body of water with outlet to the Atlantic. It drains into the Atlantic through the Danish straights by of the little, somewhat shallow, Kattagat sea If you were a seaman you might note passing through the Great Belt and the Little Belt. Once well within the Sea you could find some prominent gulfs and bays. There is the Gulf of Bothnia and the Bay of Bothnia, The Gulf of Finland, the Gulf of Riga, and the bay of Gdansk.

                That shallow little sea called Kattagat is bounded by the Jutlandic Peninsula in the west, the Danish Straights and the Baltic Sea to the south and the shores of Sweden to the east. It's okay if you feel more disoriented then oriented. You will begin to remember the names and that is a good start.

                The word bothnia seems to have referred to lowlands or to lowland shores. The Gulf of Bothnia is fairly deep, but geologically the land beneath it is still rising from its release from its Ice Age burden of ice. It can still freeze over in winter.

               Take a breath, there are more geographic references to come, but finally with some admixture of history. 

                You could help us with info about the Gulf of Bothnia. I am sure that it is important in the stories of both Finland and Sweden. A 15th century navigator may have referred to it as the Mare Gotticus. Ottar, a viking age adventurer in the 9the century may have referred to it as the Kven Sea.

                Bothnia Bay may be thought of as a northern landward extension of the Gulf of Bothnia. Both Bay and Gulf may freeze over in winter.

                The Gulf of Finland is the eastern most branch of the Baltic Sea. It extends between Finland on the north, and Estonia on the south, to Saint Petersburg, Russia in the east where the river Neva flows into it. Other major cities on that gulf are Helsinki and Tallinn.

                I am checking many facts with Wikipedia but errors here are surely mine. Please feel free to correct errors and to make useful additions by way of "comments" at the end of this post.

                In the Post Ice Age of the Gulf of Finland that gulf was preceded by the Littorina Sea. The level of that sea was about 30 feet above present sea level. By some 4,000 years ago, the Littorina Sea had receded to about present level.

                Archaeologists have found that the lands along the Gulf of Finland began to be settled in about 9,000 BC, not long after the last Ice Age. Returning to our own Age, as early as 1905 AD, eleven neolithic settlements had been found along the Gulf. Among the early cultures were Finnic, Eesti, Votes/Chud, Izorians, and Korela. 

                We have begun to talk pre-historic. So, now we are considering  people!

                There is evidence that between about 700 AD and 900 AD East Slavs, Ilman Slavs, and Krivichs were along the Neva river and the Gulf of Finland. These cultures practiced agriculture and animal husbandry. Between 700 AD and 1,200 AD the river Neva and the gulf were part of the inland waterway from Scandinavia to the Byzantine Empire. Norsemen were practicing viking along these waterways.

                Now we have entered historic times and there are documents to prove it! 

                Historic information becomes more abundant from 850 AD when the Gulf of Finland was held by Russians and after 1229 when Danes took control. During this period the city of Reval was established on what was to become the area of Tallinn. There is a lot to find out about this Baltic area and the finds are becoming more abundant.

                The Gulf of Riga of the Baltic Sea lies between modern Latvia and Estonia. We can learn more of this gulf through a study of the histories of these two lands. A look at the cities of Riga, Parnu, Jumala, and Kuressare could help too. I bet we can learn more about their earliest days.

                The Bay of Gdansk is taking my interest already. It's history may may touch on the lives of some of my Prussian, Polish, and even German ancestors. The Vistula River flows into it. Some consider the Bay widening to include Russian Kaliningrad and the coast of Lithuania.

                There be Kursenieki on this bay. They have been there long. They call their language Curonian. There are those who the language as related to Latvian. They have been called Prussian Latvians. They are a mystery to which their language may be a clue. They are certainly not a geographically isolated people. They are on a well visited sea coast and near the mouth of a long navigated river and so have witnessed much trade and commerce.

                Before 1,200 AD a Curonian people held a privileged position on the Baltic Sea. The Coruland Peninsula was theirs. However, by the mid 1600s they are not mentioned. The Curonian Peninsula is now western Latvia so one supposes that those of Curonian blood are now mostly of Latvian culture, but bet Latvian culture is now a bit Curonian. There is some discussion as to whether they originally came from the east or the west. I believe that they may have been the first to arrive on the Sea of all who are now there. 

                We are still looking at a lot of geography. Geography does effect culture and the story of culture is history. As we progress we may see the people more clearly in their backdrop of Baltic Sea and surrounding lands. We begin to see how people can be grounded in their geography. We have already learned the names of some of the people who have found their home here around this sea.

                Let's get back to where the Baltic waters meet the Atlantic ocean. Kattagat, the name of the little sea area near the Baltic entrance to the Atlantic is probably Swedish origin. I seem to remember a queen Kattagat who may have been a Swede. This sea is certainly placed so as to be Scandinavian. The Jutland peninsula juts here. It is part of Jutland. Long ago this same peninsula was called the Cimbric or Cimbrian peninsula. Now it is part of Denmark; Jutes and Cimbri used to live there.

                Waite a minute, the Cimbri are a people new to me. They are the first people, we know about, to live on this peninsula not far from the Baltic entrance to the Atlantic. I find that they have been thought to be Gaulish or Celtic and the Jutland peninsula was once Cimbrian peninsula. The meaning of Celt is a bit broad, but they are generally accepted to be early Indo-Eurpoean arrivals. Gaulish often refers to and early Celtic language. It may prove interesting to learn more of these guys, and gals. Is there any archaeological evidence of them on the peninsula? I'll try to be alert to historical documentation of them. There name is a big hint.

                It does seem that there is evidence of there being a long period of of annual migrations from the Baltic area and perhaps England and Ireland to the Iberian peninsula and back with the seasons from pre- Roman times. It sounds right and amazing at the same time. There was a whole lot of motion going on. There was even a Cimbria military expedition against 1st century Rome! Who are these Cambrians? Were they some of the Celts who joined Carthaginians to resist Rome. Some of those Celts where from Ireland.

                It has been said that there were Belgians of Cimbrian origin. I see no evidence of Cimbrians being German, other than the Romans calling everyone in the area German. 

                Scythian has been called Cimerian. Could Cimerian be Cimbrian? Cimbrians seem to have been a trading people and Scythians were great traders even before their Hellenization. I may be reaching to far.

            This brings us to the end of these preliminary words here. I intend there to be more. When you are interested please tell me so. Also if you know or find info on the Cimbri, PLEASE tell us about it here. Use the "comments" section just below. If you are one who has not yet explored this blog, get busy. 

                Thank you for reading.

 

                                                                       rcs 

       

Read These Posts in Your Language

  

History With RCS: You can read these posts in your own language with just a click.

                If you are from Sri Lanka, Brazil, Singapore, Pakistan, Peru, Estonia, Russia, Slovenia, Argentina, Switzerland, Belgium, Malaysia, Portugal, Cyprus, Austria, Mexico, Poland, Trinidad and Tobago, Netherlands, Malta, Sweden, Norway, Iceland, or  Uruguay, Chile, South Africa, Afghanistan, our translation function has your language and many others. 
  
            Check the top left hand column of this blog and you change the post to a language you are comfortable with. The translations are not always perfect, but many of our posts translate well.

                            RCS

  

A Good Reason Not to Love History

            

Mago Bill: A good reason not to love History.                    

It is not all about Ukraine. It's about us too. Yes, You and me. Please try to check the history or to find someone who can. It may be difficult to take, but can help us stay sane. Help us to learn more. Use the "comments" section below. You can comment anonomously if you wish. Honor and honesty appreciated.

                        rcs

Canada, Canada

History With RCS: O Canada, I trust that these notes are factual. I believe that they belong among those doings and happenings that are making Canada, Canada:

~ The Quiet  Revolution of the 1960s did much to effect modern Canada.

~ Canadians use the metric system.

~ Canadian arctic climate seems to be changing faster than the arctic climate elsewhere.

 
~ Canada is the fifth largest producer of energy in he world. It produces 6% of the energy use in the world.

~ It is the largest produce of natural uranium.

~ It is the world's lading producer of hydroelectric energy.

~ Canada's oil sands have been in the news.

~ Only Russia, the People's Republic of China, Saudi Arabia and the US produce more energy.

~ 98% of Canada's energy production goes to the US. US credit is still good among its closest friends.

~ The structure and function of the governmental affairs of Canadians continue to evolve. It seems that governmental budgetary information, at all levels, is more readily available to Canadian citizens than it is to US citizens.

~ "Canada" had its origin in the language of the Iroquois.  It meant something like villages and as once used as the name for Stadacona, an Iroquoian village that had stood where Quebec City now stands. 

~ Basque and Portuguese fishermen were early arrivals in Canada along with the French. I suspect that the Basque and the Portuguese were very early.

~ The War of 1812 greatly effected the development of Canada.



                                                                            by Richard Sheehan











 

A Tiny Miscellany of Notes on Sources of Modern Russia

History With RCS, Russia: This is a tiny taste of that which we can learn

 

Eight tidbits:

~ Russians are greatly Slavic.
~ Varangian was a name given to Norse(Viking) who were active in the formation of the Kievan Rus.
~ Without Russians, the Allied forces may have lost WWII and WWI.
~There is strong evidence that modern humans were living on the banks of the Don by 35,000 BC.
~ There is good evidence that by 41,000 BC Denisovans and Neanderthals lived 'with' modern humans in Siberian Russia.
~ Tanis is an ancient name for the Don River.
~ Tanis was also the name of a city in the Don River delta on the sea of Azov. Tanis was a city long before the Milesians Greeks founded a trading center there in pre-Roman times.    
~ It may be well to remember that Russians were exploring what are now the US states of Alaska, Washington, Oregon, and much of California while others were exploring farther south in the name of the king of Spain.


A curious homo sapien might find it interesting to check out online terms
Varangian, Kievan Rus, Don River, Denisovans, Tanis City, Alaska, Milesian, and well beyond; or not.

I will write more when I know there is more interest. You can show your interest in "comments" below. You can make corrections to the content of this little post, ask questions there. If you do not want to be known, you my comment anonymously.




by Richard

 

Feragama Valley Notes

History With RCS: Introduction to the Silk Road: the new Silk Road, the Old Silk Road, and the ancient Silk Road             

            You have heard of the Silk Road. You may have hear of the New Silk Road, the Old Silk Road, and the ancient Silk Road. 
They are all a part of the Feragama Valley, and the Feragama Valley is part of big doings and happenings. These doings and happenings form the backstory of much of what is happening and being done beyond your National borders.

            Find out. Listen and look for: doings and happenings, personages and news in and around the Feragama Valley.  
The Silk Road which has become a tourist destination is part of it. Beginning to learn about the Feragama Valley cultures may change your vision of the present and likely futures. Understanding of this valley's cultures can help us all to a better understanding of the happenings and doings of our world today. Beginning to know the history of this area and
it's people helps us to understand the way of things more than one may believe just now.

        In Zoroastrian literature the valley is referred to as the 
Zoroastrian homeland. The history of that particular homeland goes back more than 4000 years before today and is touching us now. The cultures of people of the Valley goes back 10,000 years more.

        Russia took control of the Valley between 1855 and 1884.

The peoples of the Valley were in contact with Xi'an(China) from, at least 1100 BC through the Dark Ages of Europe, when Ai'an of present China was an important cultural and political center.

        For one who wants a quest in history, I say take hold of a thread from an early culture of the Indian sub-continent. A culture, in perhaps the north of India, had an important connection with the Valley. That thread can take you places few of today have gone; to places from which many of today can benefit.

        Thank you for the visit. Come back soon just to check things out or to make a real search of the site.

 

                             RCS

 

Revolting

 History With RCS: Bonaparte had a good appreciation of the Republicanism of his day.

 

                Napoleon Bonaparte, a leading republican of Europe, was willing to become Emperor of France. Republican France welcomed Napoleon as Emperor! There may be a lesson or two to be learned from that bit of history.

                Napoleon did bring reforms to Europe in the fields of science, education and in a variety of cultural areas. Those works of his could be called republican.

                The legal system called the  the Napoleonic Code influenced most of the West and much of the East. It is extent in the U.S. state of Louisiana.

                Napoleon was a warrior, a leader of armies. Some say he won a war against Russia. To attack Russia he left home with about a half a million men, the largest army ever assembled in Europe until that time. He returned home with about 20,000 men and "the shirt on his back."

                He met his Waterloo in a battle against Prussia and GB in which Prussia saved Britain's bacon.

                After Waterloo Great Britain, Spain, Prussia, Russia, Austria and others  joined one another for suppressing liberal movements throughout Europe.

Lessons may begin with questions like:
Why do the histories of many revolutions seem revolting?
Why might a republican be willing to become an Emperor?
Why ought the citizens of a republic be responsible?
Where is your revolution headed?

A Leading Republican

 Napoleon Bonaparte, a leading republican of his day, was willing to become Emperor of France. France welcomed him as Emperor. There may be a lesson to be learned from this bit of history.

Napoleon did bring reforms to Europe and beyond in the fields of science, education, and a variety of cultural areas. These works could be called republican.

The legal system called the Napoleonic Code, influenced much of Europe and a significant part of the rest of the World. Napoleonic law is an important part of the law of the U.S. state of Louisiana. 

Napoleon was a warrior, a leader of armies. Some have said that he won a war against  Russian. To attack Russia, he left home with about a half million men. He returned home with about 20,000 men and "the shirt on his back."

He met his "Waterloo" in a battle against Prussia and Britain. In that battle Prussia "saved Britain's bacon.

After Waterloo, Britain, Spain, Prussia, Austria, Russia, and others joined one another in suppressing liberal movements throughout Europe. 

 

This is a TEST:

~ Why do the histories of so many revolutions seem revolting?

~ Where is your revolution headed?

~ Why might a republican be willing to become an emperor?

~ What is a "loo?"

~ Why ought the citizens of a republic be responsible?