King Arthur II and I, One of the videos.

 King Arthur II & Prince Madoc's voyage to America in AD 562. This You Tube video includes: 562 AD, Irish, Iceland, Vikings, and a trip. Where there is a II  there is likely to be an interesting I.                                                          

     

               Let's find the history in them both.  Some newly presented evidence about Irish presence in North America. Historians in Iceland have already told us that when "Vikings" arrived in Iceland that they found Irish there when they arrived. Now a powerful Welsh investigator is telling us much more. We have a lot to learn. Just learning to spell Arthur was not easy for me.

                                                                                                rcs

Whose History?

Howard Zinn ant the University of California and a lesson in history. 

Experience, learning, practice, understanding, showing up, co-coperating, organizing, and succeeding in the doing of governance. Aware obsevation can be useful. Large differences in power, wealth, and health, then and now.

                                                                                                                        RCS

Chile and Chlenos, or Poets, Prussians, and Poppies

                             On rereading the notes for this posts, it seems that I am on a fishing expedition for comments related to the history of Chile and the Chilian people. This may be your big chance to teach me about Chile. I am not completely ignorant of Chile. For example, I know that it is probably the longest, narrowest country on our Earth. However I am courie0us about Chile and about what you know about that South American country and people and I have a lot to earn.

                        I know that they knew about the CIA before I did.

                        I find that there is evidence that the land which is now Chile was populated by about 40,000 BP; that's 40,000 years ago! That evidence, I believe, was discovered at the Mount Verde site. However, there is stronger evidence, at that same site, of human habitation dating to between 15,000 BP and 13,000 BP. There is evidence elsewhere in the country of agicultural cultivation. That early cultivation includes mountain side terracing and irrigation canals.

                        An example of an early culture are the Chinchoro people. Thheir culturs dates to about 7,000 BC. They were a sedentary fishing people of northern Chile on the Pacific coast of the great Atacama desert. They appear to have fished with both hook and net. They have some fame for their sophisticated mummification practices which may predate that practice in early Egypt.

                        I once held the opinion that Chileans may have been a bit too proud of their armed forces, including their navy. Now I am not so sure. I have learned a bit more and still have a lot to learn. A source of that pride be that in the War of the Pacifice they fought and defeated forcese of Argentina and of Peru both at about the same time. I felt that the army I saw there was a bit too much the style of Prussian regulars and too little like a democratic citizens' army.

                       At one time the Chileans seem to have seemed to have too much respect for the big and too little for the small. A big business was better than an small one and deserved more respect, a bigger industry deresed more respect than a smaller, latifundio was better than the family farm, and like that. Perhaps the small was not considered dispicable but nor was it an object of much pride.

                       Still, one might bet that there were enough rotos, huascos, Arucanos, and poets to to overcome  the tendency to believe the the biggest was The best.

                       Sometimes the best post is the one which raises the most questions. I already have alot of questions. For example, Why has Chile had more California golden poppies than California?   

                        I have lost the spellcheck app for this blog, or maby it was stolen. However, I still have a "comments" app here. You can find it here just below this little essay. You may find that it reads "no comments." click on it anyway. There, there is a place for your questions, answers, corrections of my errors, and yes, comments.

                        See if you can tell us the answer one or more of the following questions:

~ What was the War of the Pacific about,?

~ What did O'Higgins have to do with that war?

~ Who are rotos or what was a Chileno roto?

~ Who and what are huascos?

~ What are the names of more than one Chilean poet, poetresses count?

~ Can Gabi M. be a hint to the name of one of them?

~ What can you say about the Arucanos.

~ Who were the native people who lived south of the Arucano.

~ Where in Chile is the Mount Verde site

                        Try commenting, you may love it. You can comment here with out providing your email address.

                        Thank you for reading

                        There are a variety of posts, videos, and essays right here on this blog. You have the power to explore them.

                                                                                    rcs

Who Are the Welsh?

Proof a Mysterious Lost Ancient GLOBAL Civilization Spanned Virtually th...

First Notes On Organization

 We know that organization increases our power enormously. We know that our organization informs and educates us well.

                    We are capable of forgetting the pleasures and satisfactions  of organization. I expect that the pleasures and satisfactions I am recalling just now will not be the same as yours. Still among mine you may find one or two of yours.

I have an interest in ad hoc organizations and and those of longer term.

Below are many of my personal likes in organizations. You may find some of your likes listed.

An organization which attracts me often has:

~ members who feel connected, involve, and respected.

~ the motive of helping me and others to thrive.

~ a clear understanding of costs and benefits.

~ members who promote widespread participation and responsibility.

~ members who embrace reality and who are willing to approach the truth.

~ members who value honesty and justice.

~ a mission I find valuable and pleasing.

~ plenty of talk in which all participate.

An organization which pleases me is one which:

~ Keeps me in the information loop.

~ most members feel well connected with leadership.

~ Makes very clear who pays how much and who gets what.

~ moves in the direction of democracy.

~ tends to be inclusive.

~ tends to safeguard that which I value.

~ includes those who study and promote actions good for me and others.

~ advocates and protects people and process important to me.

~ promotes dialogue which leads to appropriate action.

I find an organization congenial when it includes:

~ teaching the process of organizing.

~ the purpose of advocating and protecting me.

~ objectives very like my own.

~ intelligent, respectful, loving ladies.

                I am very interested in hearing of your likes in organizations. I expect to post more about organization and organizing. Dialogue skills are organizational skills for all participants in society

                More as soon as I can.

                                                                                                            RCS

Origins Of RUSSIA

Copper Work From About 8,500 Years Ago

    Copper was worked in what is now the U.S. northeast centered on the Lake Superior region.

The earliest known copper work in the area lasted from about 8,500 years ago to about 6,500 years ago. Pure native copper was found in large quantities and used to make mostly utilitarian tools and weapons and a bit as a trade item. At a much later date the copper was used by native American to make art and luxury items and used in trade, some trade of very long distances,

Cossack, Ukrainian, and Free

                 Cossacks have been free men and democratic. They have only been known to history since about 650 AD. They have been active in self-governing communities for well over a thousand years. They have been open, inclusive, with a Slavic bent. They knew a world from Siberia to Lithuania and up and down for many years, but were drawn to a certain land.

                The Ukrainian Cossack State was formed in about 1650 in what is now central Ukraine. Their leaders were elected. Through the years they have been few. Democracy is not easy. They experienced much, and stayed free among strong neighbors such as Poland, Russia, and Lithuania. Among such neighbors they continued to show a strong will for self-governance.

                They formed the Ukrainian People's Republic in 1917 to 1921, the western Ukrainian Peoples Republic 1918 to 1919, and the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile  from 1920 to 1992.

                They were among the very first members of the Soviet Union with its promise of self-governing citizens. They may have been the first to leave that Union when it showed little will to self-governing citizenship.

                They were among the charter members of the United Nations with its promise of a chance for peace and freedom. They have not given up on their fellow members yet. 

                Ah, yes, I believe that at the breakup of the Soviet Union they were left with one of the greatest stock of atomic weapons on Earth and gave up that stock to the U.N.

                They have been few and still are. They are still a mixture of races, nationalities, and religions. They are a free democratic people self selected from that mixture.

                We might mention that while all this was going on they, with the help of a few viking Norsemen, created Russia. Oh, and they had a modern republic type written constitution in 1710.

                I believe that a history of the cultures most effecting these people could be traced back another 4,000 years. However, before about 650 AD they were little recognized in history as a discrete people. Throughout perhaps a thousand years of their history they stayed freer, more democratic, and inclusive than most. They have had to defend themselves and they have. They have also kept the hope and faith that they could live a free people among free people. They have  seen inclusiveness, freedom, and democracy disappear like smoke again and again. Still they hold a vision of that freedom and self governance closer and dearer than do most.

               Please feel free to correct this work or add to it in the "comments" section below or just to click on a social media button just below.

                Ukraine. Ukraine. Ukraine.

                There is much more to know about the Ukraine.

                Thank you for reading.

 

                                                                                    rcs 

 

 

These First Notes Are Sythian Related.

                                 These Notes Are Sythian Related       

                

                I have read of Scythians being called Sckathians and also Sakas. 

    

                Sckathians did not eat pork. They did grow wheat.

                I believe that the plural of Saka can be Saki. Saki are closely associated with Persians. The may also have ad a close relation with Jews. I do not know the relative dates of theses associations and relationships, but they may have occurred within the first 400 years AD. 

                Scythians were around for a long time. They were many. They  have been called nomades of grassland. They were horsemen. They moved around the grasslands from about 800 BC to 300 AD. Some of them may have become Jewish not so far from 300 AD. 

                Scythians also seem a lot like the early Persians on the Silk Road. They rode well, designed and  made a variety of wagons. Some of those wagons were horse drawn and most were drawn by oxen. They were excellently mounted bowman and warriors. Their culture may have be more equalitarian than most, including in gender relationships. They liked gold and worked very well. They had an Iron Age culture. 

             I suspect that there may be evidence that some Scythian woman warriors trained Irish warriors. 

        

                Scythians are related to Parthians.

                

                Danann and Scythian may have arrived in Ireland in time to meet one another.

                                                                                            rcs

New Notes                

Phoenicians:

                Carthaginians were Phoenicians. How many got to the New World?

                Phoenicia" once applied to the whole eastern Mediterranean. There was a Phoenician colony in Britain,. They were frequent visitors to Ireland and perhaps regular ones. There were Phoenician colonies around the Med and elsewhere. I suspect many members of the tribe of Dan traveled and worked with Phoenicias as fellow traders. They also fought Romans with a few Irishmen and a few of them arrived to the walls of Rome.

            American Indians:

            Write something on each of the following: Texas Indians(14), Seminole In 13, Cal Indians, SW Indians.

RCS Posts, Science:'

            

                The Great Year is defined as "One complete cycle of the equinoxes around the ecliptic which takes about 25,000 Earth years."

                An equinox is one of the only two times of year when at a location on Earth day and night are if equal time. This true ai all latitudes. It occurs do to the position of the Earth's axis. It is when the axis tilts neither toward or away from the sun. It's when both Northern and Southern Hemisphere experience nearly equal amounts of daytime and nighttime. It is a time when the sun passes directly over the equator an event which occurs only twice a year.

                Imagine the plain of the Earth's equator. You are a magician and are holding  a ball size earth in one hand. I your other hand you hold a sheet of paper capable of passing perfectly through the earth at it's equator without a wrinkle. You make that pass and stop when the paper has equal portions of the Earth on either side. Your paper is now at the plain of the Earth. If you are now circling the sun with your Earth and the paper extends straight toward sun and passes directly through the center of the circle formed by the orbit of the Earth, you are experiencing an equinox.

                If someone says "So?" You can say, "So, The movement of the Earth's plain relative to the Sun is what causes our seasons." With this knowledge we can develop a calendar which predicts the occurrence of our seasons.

                Our ancestors use the GC to imagine and watch the signs of  the Zodiac and to use them as a teaching tool for the great and the small.

            These "new note" will be moved and combined with other more appropriate notes.

                                                                                                                    Rchard

"Auto de Fe" at Mani

                                     Auto de Fe at Mani

            The auto de fe at Mani may be the first great political/economic scandal affecting both the New World and the Old World.

               Among Europeans it frightened the Aristocracy, the Church, the military, and the great merchants and traders in Mexico City, Madrid, Rome, and beyond.

               At first it may seem a case of business as usual. A churchman caused a few Indians to be punished and a relatively small amount of their religious and cultural items to be destroyed. A common occurrence between Old Word "conquers" and New world "conquered."

            However in this case.....   

Should I continue the story?

Do you want to?

Should we both?

by Richard Sheehan

for you

Patriot Dream

                                         

Oh, beautiful for patriot dream

                                 

That sees beyond the years

                                 

Thine alabaster cities gleam,

                                  

Undimmed by human tears!

                                 

America! America!

God shed his grace on thee.

And crown thy good with brotherhood

From sea to shining sea

Some thought that these words could form the text of a fine national anthem.

                                                rcs

                                 

                                               

                        

Isis

 Now and Then

 

Isis is an asset and a source of divine power from the Old Kingdom of Egypt. She is the first daughter of Geb* and Nut.
She married her brother Osiris who I know here in Colombia. The Moors knew Isis before they knew Spain. Ave Maria!

 

*Geb was first seen as a man, a man who cared for earth. His daughter and son later became highly venerated in ancient Egypt.

What has Isis become for us? ISIS?

 

                                                                                RCS

You can tell me what to add, take out, correct, do next. You can use tge ''comments" section below

 

Our Wars

 

         We do a lot of warring. The following is an introduction to some of our military activity including some of the forgotten and obscure.

                As I write our union has lasted about 244 years. I find that of those years only six have been free of war. I also find that in a great many of those years we have fought more than one war year. I our 238 years of warring many of us have been killed and we have killed many. If we do not hold the record for average number of wars per year, we may soon do so.

                The years we have not warred are 1935 through 1940 and 1897. It may well be worth while to learn more about these years.

                From 1899 to1934 we had mostly just "Banana Wars;" mostly not only. People of our neighboring countries of Central America may object to my word "just." Those Banana Wars were among the most traumatic happenings in their entire history. In those wars we stepped on their labor movement hard. The people of those republics have found it difficult to laugh about what we have called our Good Neighbor Policy. 

                When taking a close look at historic near the U.S. it seems we have hated the people of Haiti the most for the longest time. That we have invaded Mexico only 13 times since 1837 makes it look like we love Mexicans more than we have hated the people of Haiti; but I digress. These doings mostly count as wars.

                There are doings related to our wars that are curious and peak my interest. For it is curious why we insist on killing one another when we could be arranging to protect ourselves from comet and asteroid rains, various virus, plagues, solar flares, rising sea levels, and the like. When I have said "we' here, I not only refer to you and I, our fellow citizens, and our fore bearers, but also those who find it convenient to war with us. 

                My curiosity extends to wanting to know why part of our Civil War occurred at Gibraltar and why Mysore played a part in that same war. I'd even like to know why Sweden was our allie in our first Barbary War. What about the German Coast Uprising in the Territory of Orleans? Just why did we invade Canada? And like that. And you may agree, that our recent wars of say the last 20 or 30 years, have had their interesting points.

                I do not enjoy writing about the killing we do or about the deaths of many of our fine young men. In fact it causes me some very unpleasant feelings. I would like to act in an honorable and legal way to minimize early deaths and killings. Not an easy thing to do since so many of us have abdicated responsibility for the war machine we sponsor.

                I have a lot to learn but I do intend to be honest and factual as I write. I hope that you will correct any and all mistakes that you find on this blog. You are welcome to do so in the "comment" section just below.

                More to come.

                Thank you for reading.

 

                                                            RCS  

Republican

 

                 Napoleon Bonaparte, a leading republican of his day, was willing to become Emperor of France. 

                 France welcomed Bonaparte as Emperor. There may be a lesson to be learned from this bit of history.

                Napoleon did bring reforms to Europe and beyond in the fields of science, education, and a variety of cultural areas. These works could be called republican.

                The legal system called the Napoleonic Code, influenced much of Europe and a significant part of the rest of the World. Napoleonic law is an important part of the law of the U.S. state of Louisiana. 

                Napoleon was a warrior, a leader of armies. Some have said that he won a war against  Russian. To attack Russia, he left home with about a half million men. He returned home with about 20,000 men and "the shirt on his back."

                He met his "Waterloo" in a battle against Prussia and Britain. In that battle Prussia "saved Britain's bacon.

                After Waterloo, Britain, Spain, Prussia, Austria, Russia, and others joined one another in suppressing liberal movements throughout Europe. 

 

This is a history TEST:

~ Why do the histories of so many revolutions seem revolting?

~ Where is your revolution headed?

~ Why might a republican be willing to become an Emperor?

~ What is a "loo?"

~ Why ought the citizens of a republic be responsible?

 

 

                                                                    rcs

Neanderthals One

 Most of the first things I noted about the Neanderthals

                    Neanderthals lived in Europe perhaps 400,000 years ago and may have been in that region more than twice that many years ago.

                    Neanderthals may have lived in Spain(Cidron) as recently as 49,000 years ago. They may have practiced cannibalism there as recently as 60,000 years ago.

                    Mysterian Neanderthals may have lived as recently as 28,000 thousand years ago.

                    It seems that many Neanderthals may have had red hair. 

                    It seems that through important periods of time Neanderthals may have been fewer than "us." Nearly all of us are probably partly Neanderthal. 

                    Dramatic climate changes and severe weather impacted us and Neanderthals. 49,000 years ago Neanderthals were a dying race.

                    Through important periods of time Neanderthals numbered much fewer than us,

                  It appeared that the great majority of us had ancestors who had been intimate with Neanderthals,

                    The next thing I noted is that some of my biological traits seem significantly neanderthalish.

                    The next thing that I noted is that Earth changes had been very hard on the Neanderthal and has been very hard on all of humanity for Ages.

                                                                                                                            by Richard

Transformations of the European Continent | YouTube Video

             Get to know Europe and it's natural history. The European continent has gone through enormous changes. The peoples of that continent are experiencing great changes today. Many of those people count Iceland as part of Europe. Get a taste, here, of the natural history of Europe. You can begin to understand the great transformation of the European continent.

                                                                            rcs

More About the Nature of History and Historians.

History With RCS: History, historians, and me

Historians:

                Historians have typically found it useful to see human actions as falling into widely recognized patterns such as: economics, baseball, archaeology, gardening,politics, games, anthropology, law, literature, and even the history of history.

                I am interested in a variety of our doings. However, who we are and how we are doing seem high in my present interests. Who we have been and how we have been doing may be more correct.

                Historians have thought of history as a record of how people have tried to meet their needs and desires. One may write a history of her morning breakfast. She may call it a story. However, it may be called history as soon as it is published, especially it it represents an attempt at honesty. Wise men and women have long felt that a familiarity with that record is useful in guiding their orientations and actions.

                Many have found that ignorance of the past is predictive of failure of present actions and activities. That's history for you.

History:

                History seems often to be a record of how we got here. And some historians have considered some histories as a kind of photographic snapshot. A sort of stop action to allow better observation. A way which may enhance the quality of one's observation of a happening and so improve our interpretation and understanding of it. History may be a way to look at a process more carefully after it is completed. History is often a useful way of reviewing a record of and an interpretation of what we have done at a given time and place under given circumstances. And doing so be able to see what we typical do in a given circumstance. This may give us a chance of predicting that which we are likely to do in similar circumstances.

                A doing which is set down as history may have occurred 20,000 years ago, say I, or at breakfast this morning. History may not always depend on reality. Reality, to our mind, is scarce. We very much like our history to be true or, at least, honest. Probably all historians want their history to be useful; most of them want it to be helpful to the reader.

Evidence and Interpretations:           

Historians and history depends very much on evidence. That evidence has long depended much on documentation. Documentation has most often been in the form of written material and now are many communicable materials such as videos. I very much appreciate documentation. However, Throughout the ages, there were ages when no one knew how to document. There were ages of ages when there was no one. Geologists look into times that preceded most or all life and earth. They record and interpret their findings. They offer evidence of their findings. Archaeologists dig up and date mostly man made stuff and have to document it themselves. I call it all history.

                I like all chronological happenings and doings. As I write about such doings and happenings I interpret and analyze it myself. Often I am interpreting the work of someone else, usually a historian.

                I like the story in history. I like it more when it is realistic. I like it better when I find it useful. I like it best when it helps me to approach reality.

                I hope that you find enough to like in my rendering of times past here. Some have told me that they like what I write here as sort of a backstory for more recent events.

                Thank you very much for reading. Please tell me when there is anything you would like me to write more about.

                                                                                rcs

 

How did The Silk Road Actually Work?

 History With RCS: It worked very well for the Han people for a while. Chines are getting the Road to work for them again right now.                                       

Enjoy this video which I brought here from You Tube. It is clear and more historically up to date than most. By checking out pubIron Agelications on this blog you may find out how the Road worked through the Iron Age back into the early Bronze Age. You may also find on this video and from posts here that the people we called Persians and later Iranians had a strong influence on the road for a very long time. People living along that road know of that influence and feel it today.

Search This Site

 History With RCS: Blog search

           For readers who are not familiar with the many search options available to them here, I will begin to review some of them.

            It seems that blogs are so out of fashion that few remember how they may be fashioned. For example this blog is of three columns. I have used the central column as the place up to 400 essays or posts.

                An important function of the columns to the left and right of the central column is to offer you apps to help you find the essays which interest you. They are largely made up of search apps. However, they also contain other helpful apps.

             Let me begin with the column to your left on the main view of the page. On all of my blogs the this left hand column begins with the app which allows you to select the language in which to choose to read the post you select.

                Other apps you will find in this column may have a different order on each of the associated blogs. For example the next app might be "Associated Blog Sites to visit." To be transported to the one which interests you and be transported to it. The next app may be "Popular Posts." There you can find the names of up to four posts others have been finding interesting. Each name will be follow by a few words about it. click on that name and that post will appear. Next you may come to a title that reads "Pages." Click on one of the listings there and be taken to another page where you can find posts much like this one or different.

                The last listing in this column will usually be "Blog Archive." This can be a very useful app for you. Use it to become familiar with the essays and other posts available on this blog site. You will see a list of years and months. Click on one and you will taken to all of the posts published in that period. All are interesting and usually contain some hard to find YouTube videos which YouTube allows me to show.

                The right hand column usually begins with a search app, perhaps with the  title "Search This Site." There is a little window in which you may enter a word or phrase and then click on the word "Search." Try it and see what happens.

                I will leave this little post here for a few weeks and then move it to "Pages." You are now on the home page.

                This is a good place from which to comment.

                                                                                rcs

 

 

More Shee

 History With RCS: Holy Shee

            Especially in Ireland, but also in Britain and Europe, there remain certain stone carvings that have been called idols. Thew show a female figure displaying and exaggerated vulva. They are not beautiful or young and are often without breasts. They have long been called Sheela na gig. A good translation has not been agreed upon. I think that sacred spirit of the vulva may do. So, I say, that to the meaning of shee may be added "sacred." 

 

                In Wikipedia it says that one of the best examples of these particular sheela was found in Round Tower at Rattoo, in County Kerry, Ireland.  

                At times the figures have been called witches, hags, exhibitionists, and less complimentary things.

                Some of the sculptings seem to have been moved from their original sites to be incorporated into older church buildings.

 

                There is an old Irish dance, the Sheela na gig. According to Wikipedia the oldest written record of this phrase is as the name of this particular dance. That mention dates back only to the mid 1700s. 

                There is a myth known in Ireland an beyond of a goddess who grants kingship. She might appear at a dance as a lustful old hag and most men would avoid her and refuse her advances. The one man who did sleep with her, found her transformed into a beautiful maiden who conferred royalty upon  and blessed his reign.

                Some Irish lads are taken by a good tale and their are some tricky old ladies on the island.

                Thanks for reading.

                                                                           

                                                                                rcs

In Reference to a Timeline Item Comment

History With RCS :In Reference to  Gerry Art's Comment to post 2,660 BC to 2,400 BC in reference to metal work of the period.

                I will tell what I can about the metal work of that period. The post centers on 2,500 BC which marks the a high point of the the Bronze Age of most of Europe, much of North Africa, and nearly all of the Near East. That is much of Europe, the Mediterranean and beyond was enjoying the Bronze Age, which to some has seemed a golden age. 
    

                I am pleased to be able to say that during this period Ireland was one of the most productive miners of gold and the producer of of some of the finest gold work. Some of the gold work which marked Ireland of this period were the following: Lunulea, a form of collar; torcs, a kind of neck piece which bent firmly around the neck, they were strikingly handsome; gorgets, they were a sort of chest piece or breast piece and often the most beautiful and intricit of these items. It may have been used to hold articles of dress in place. Rings and a large number of other items were also produced in gold.

                I am speaking of Bronze Age Gold work. But much fine gold work in an early age when much copper was mined and worked well before the Bronze Age. 

                I seem to be forming my remarks here almost entirely around Ireland, but a Bronze Age was occurring around much of the world.

                It has been said that there was a Bronze age in Ireland from 2500 BC to 500 BC. I believe that there is now important evidence of important Bronze work being done in Ireland by 2,700 BC. I am also fairly sure that an Iron Age had already begun in Ireland 600 BC.

            Let me include that the Bronze Age in Ireland and Beyond was preceded by the neolithic period, which we might call the New Stone Age. The Bronze Age was followed by the Iron Age. I traumatic change in much of the world.

                In the neolithic period gold and were both already mined and worked in Ireland. Fine work was produced in small quantities. Silver and lead were probably also mined and worked in small quantities.

                It seems that I had Ireland on the mind when I began this piece.

                Ireland entered the Bronze Age as a major miner and worker of Gold. In that Bronze Age a variety of bronzes were founded. Nearly all of them were an alloy mostly of copper but always with a portion of tin. I do not recall the usual proportions just now. How- ever there was bronze produced using arsnic in the place of tin. The tin was used to make the copper stronger, more resistant, and harder than copper. It also turned out to be a sort of stainless copper with the look of gold!

                Tin was both mined in Ireland and imported to Ireland. A sort of metal alchemy was begun which employed mercury, lead, arsnic, silver, gold and other elements. The mining, smelting and working of tin and copper to make bronze was a sophisticated process. 

                The Iron Age in Ireland as in Europe, North Africa, the Near East and beyond was begun by a new people who proved to be many. These people knew horses well. They knew the processes of mining, smelting and working iron. They made iron swords which cut through bronze weapons. They dominated Bronze Age people nearly everywhere. They were able to dominate cultures which were in many ways superior to theirs. At times they recognized this. They brought a new language, they brought it to Ireland and it became the mother of all the language spoken there for over two thousand years. It is the Gaelic which is still spoken in parts of Ireland. English is the dominate language on the Island today. English too is born of that Iron Age language.

                So, what are the Bronze age metals: gold, silver, copper, lead, arsnic, mercury, tin, and certainly more known by some. Bronze, a metal alloy made by man, and still one of the most beautiful and useful metals made by man and one of the least toxic if not made with arsenic. The alloy named an Age. We have much more to learn of the Bronze Age.

            Thank you for your comment Gerry Art.

                                                                                            rcs.